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Therefore, the RBD is certainly considered a candidate for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development 18. The core of S protein binding to human ACE2 (hACE2) is identified as 319–541 amino acid region which was defined as receptor-binding domain (RBD) 17. The Spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2, which decorates on the surface of the spherical virion particles, recognizes the host receptor of human cells, angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), and mediates the viral invasion process. Upon its identification as the pathogen of COVID-19 13, the viral characteristics and its host receptor were quickly decoded 14, meanwhile, the pathologies caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection were successively verified in transgenic mice 15 and non-human primates 16. In spite of that, the production process of the nucleic acid vaccine or protein-based vaccine is not restricted by the biosafety facility, and thus can be expected to provide a massive product in a short term to meet the markets’ demands, while mRNA vaccine needs neither –20 ☌ nor –80 ☌ for the storage and transport, which may limit its use in developing countries.Īs it is well known that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the beta coronavirus, the virus is the seventh jump to mankind from wildlife animals or environments, other than HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV 12. Yet, the yields of these vaccines are still too low to meet the worldwide needs. Among them, at least 26 vaccines have been approved for emergency use in several countries after or at phase III clinical trials 2, including the vaccines that have received high attention: inactivated vaccines by Sinopharm 3, 4 and SINOVAC 5, mRNA vaccines by BioNTech/Pfizer 6 and Moderna 7, adenovirus viral vector vaccines by AstraZeneca/University of Oxford 8 and CanSino 9, and protein subunit vaccine by Zhifei Longcom 10 and Novavax 11.
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Currently, about 300 vaccines are in clinical trials with active or completed state ( ).
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At the beginning of the outbreak, multiple forms of vaccines development were conducted worldwide, including inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, viral vector vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine, and protein subunit vaccine, etc. Thus, it is urgent to develop rapid viral detection technologies, therapeutics, and vaccines, to stop the relentless spread of COVID-19, and effective vaccines are widely considered to be the best approach to end the pandemic 1. The pandemic, which has lasted for more than a year, has a huge impact on public health, global economy, and cultural exchanges. Up to July, 2021, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to over 189 million infections and more than 4.0 million deaths, with an average fatality rate of 2.1%. Thus, it may serve as a safe, effective, and low-cost SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. Furthermore, with our expression system, we provided a high-yield RBD homodimer vaccine without additional biosafety or special transport device supports. In addition, antibodies elicited by this vaccine candidate showed cross-neutralization activities to SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the non-human primates, the vaccine could prevent majority of the animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory tract and reduce lung damage. Formulated with aluminum adjuvant, RBD dimer elicited strong immune response in both rodents and non-human primates, and protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge with significantly reducing viral load and alleviating pathological injury in the lung. Here, a novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) homodimer was developed as a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. The ultimate approach to end the pandemic is the timely application of vaccines to achieve herd immunity. The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has raised a new challenges to the scientific and industrious fields after over 1-year spread across different countries.